Lebanese Women Rights

Lebanon more established extremelydifficult political circumstances that result in war quite just once that deteriorated the state and every one laws and created an environment wherever violating human rights is well reached. though Asian country was one in all the member states behind the universal declaration of the human rights that was custom-made by the global organization general assembly on Gregorian calendar month 1948(Charafeddiene, 2009). Lebanon could be a various society that a good variety of voters was raised in well developed countries, besides quite seventy p. of the individuals square measure educated and a good variety of thinkers rose up from Asian country, still human rights aren't revered and particularly women’s rights, thus as girls across the globe take a flash to celebrate their various achievements in Asian country still fight for theirs in associate degree unrelenting patriarchic society(Castle 2009). And in an exceedingly country wherever women†™s rights looked as if it would be revered, still girls cannot pass their status to their broods; government has its reasons however girlssquare measure adhered to their right.The Lebanese status is transmitted by paternity (father). However, this offers the proper to Lebanese to transmit citizenship to their youngsters and foreign wives. (Lebanon: provide girls equal citizenship rights to men beneath the status law 2013 ) the main needs to the Lebanese needs could be a Lebanese father, according to the United Nations this can be thought-about discrimination and it's any upheld by Lebanon's reservation on Article two of paragraph nine of the United Nations Convention of the Elimination of All varieties of Discrimination against girls, signed in 1996. his can be the most conflict by that Lebanese girls square measure hard-to-pleaseto regulate this law and to present Lebanese girls there rights en passant status to their spouses and husbands. Kleib 2 Samira Soueidan's the Burj Hammo ud resident fell smitten, married and began a family. When her husband kicked the bucket in 1994, Soueidan was left with four youngsters the Lebanese state viewed as foreigners. Her crime? Soueidan had married associate degree Egyptian. hereas Lebanese law permits men to expire their status to their non-Lebanese wives and kids, it prohibits Lebanese girls married to non-Lebanese from doing constant. ( One Woman's Fight Against Lebanese status Law, 2013) â€Å"It's extremely ironic that we tend to faux to be the foremost liberal country within the region once we are the most patriarchic and booth at constant time,† (Abou-Habib 1994). the most right girls square measure hard-to-pleaseis that the equality and therefore the full citizenship and to be within the same category as men not a secondary category.Lebanese law discriminates girls and deprives girls from their rights, giving men additional rights. girlsneedto interrupt this masculine society that contradicts with Lebanese constitution and conjointly contradicts with several of national human rights standards â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of All varieties of Discrimination against girls â€Å"(CEDAW). girls have masses additional reasons to regulate the law.Adding the proper of the spouses has the proper to carry the status of their mother, this can be his identity, his mother and grandparents were raised in an exceedingly country that he will visit it as a guest, neglecting the very fact that he belongs to the current space, what is more he would are living within the country till he's over-the-hill, culture, traditions, friends, family land recollections were all gained in Asian country, and a jiffy be treated as a guest or a interloper desires a permission to go to the place he/she was raised in. ut broods that lived off from the country have the proper to go to wherever Kleib 3 their mother was raised and even additional the proper to freely selectwhereverto measure. consistent with Dr. A man Kabara this law affects not solely girls however rather the full family negatively (Mahdawi 2013).The socio-economic scenario has effects on the full family, families of Lebanese girls square measure needed to pay annual residency allow fees of around $1,200 per individual, endure regular medical check-ups and blood tests, and face wide difficulties in accessing or reasonable education, besides they can't profit social insurance and government subsidies, and health-care in Asian country isn'treasonablewhile not the social insurance program. what is more non-Lebanese cannot attain legal job neither public sector nor within the non-public sector unless they need a permission from the labor ministry.Samira value-addedâ€Å"My youngstersestablish as being 100% Lebanese, they are doing not have the other status. They love their country considerablyand that they were born and raised here entirely. â€Å"( One woman's fight against Lebanese status law 2009). May Kingall hopped to exa mine a law before she dies and tell her story â€Å"adding she had struggled for years to pay the residency fees for her half-Irish female offspring, currently over forty years previous.Kinghall aforesaid her female offspring, despite having a Lebanese Baccalaureate and a degree from the yankee University of capital of Lebanon, had to go away Asian country as a result of, while not a Lebanese passport, was unable to figure. â€Å"I'm still fighting to induce the proper of status for my kidUN agency was born here, raised here and UN agency feels she belongs here,† Kinghall value-added with exasperation Kleib 4 our kids square measure watched as aliens to the state. Hundreds of Lebanese girls demand equal right to expirestatus 2009) Problems that girls talked regarding were various consistent with the study of the global organization. they're issues that folksof various cultural, social levels and political orientations stumble upon. They shed the sunshine on the human rights of all voters If human rights guarantee to a personal the elemental rights, as an example right to figure, health care, environs and property, the rights of citizenship renders the optional matter a necessary one. girls square measure equal voters with men. Thus, why square measure they missing human rights?There square measure extravariousissuesexplanation from thisstatus Law, among thatthe texture of non-belonging that convoys lives of families and therefore the deep concern going hand in hand with details of everyday life. If the sensation of estrangement is that the least imperative in an exceedingly society that's as open because the Lebanese society, the children’s worries concerning the longer term and for the longer term, that they get from their folks, flip misery into pains that mother voiced with some tears that attended their confession of ignoring this law and therefore the ensuingissues it brings to their families. Charafeddiene, 2009) The minstrel committee eve n this difference by reasons that were almost like jokes as activists aforesaid. the foremost important reason was the demographic balance between Muslims and Christians that is hooked up to a additionaldifficult issue that is giving status to Palestinian refugees in Asian country. This last issue was major Kleib 5 reason within the continuous civil clashes for fifteen years, and still not resolved till of late and should stir up the war once more.The committee suspect that an oversized variety of Palestinians within the refugee's camps square measure married to Lebanese Sunni girlsattributable to the massive interaction between Muslim Sunni and therefore the Palestinians and the common faith. queries were asked regarding proportion|the share|the proportion} distribution of marriages consistent with faith and weather this percentage is decent to deny the women’s right fully citizenship. The statistics of the interior and municipality’s ministry, and therefore the Musli m courts and therefore the Christian church was that eighty seven. % marriages square measure Muslims and twelve. 5% square measure Christians, and by sects fifty one for Muslim Sunni, and if we tend to take the share by country of the husbands particularly Palestinians husbands square measure twenty first and ninety one of those twenty one square measure Muslim Sunni. Those statistics will support their purpose of read in unbalancing the demographic distribution unless we all know the share in numbers that eighty,000 square measure ones served by this Law that is a smaller amount than a hundred and twenty fifth of the Lebanese population that is negligible for the balance.Even additional the law was adopted before the immigration of Palestinians’ to Asian country (the law of status was adopted in 1925 and therefore the Palestinians immigrated in 1948 to Lebanon). thus this law was born filled with discrimination and difference. Men also are marrying non-Lebanese and consiste nt with the Lebanese general security, share of men marrying non-Lebanese is quitegirls marrying non-Lebanese and this could threaten the balance additional. Kleib 6The minstrel committee had additional excuses to support their purpose of read, either than the political problems demographical balance, it had been the difficult economic scenario in Asian country, and therefore the committee aforesaid that Asian country cannot hold additional responsibilities on different voters, and therefore the subsidies and social insurance cannot cowlextravariety of voters, and it'll be obligatedto hide the Palestinian refugees beneath this law. This reason was unimportantconsistent with the activists since these square measure active votership that may profit the country like several different citizens. oreover in traditional conditions Lebanese government isn't holding responsibilities, voters square measure fighting to possess their rights and that they square measure managing. Hundreds of gir ls activists square measure protestantto achieve their rights fully citizenship and to achieve different girls rights, a number of the organizations political figures in Asian country supported them, and that they draft a replacement citizenship law that respects girls rights and respect the gender equality. he primary Lebanese woman and therefore the Lebanese President is supporting the move, however still the govt isn't issuance this draft law, ladengirlsonce interviewed couldn’t continue the interview while not crying, that’s a good proof on what quantity these girls square measure neglected. girlsassociate degreed human rights believers ought to take an action and support those families to achieve this right, and begin the modification in Asian country on completely different sides.This was acceptable once a lady required a defender and once her capacities and potentials failed to alter her invariablyto form the proper decisions and choices. However, oncegirlsthese days square measure additional educated surpassing those of Kleib 7 males, meeting capacities in body and political opinions thatgirlsare aloof from,. (Charafeddiene 2009).And knowing that Asian country is one in allthe foremost political difficult countries and has endless difficulties, still the beginning ought to be by giving rights to any or all voters and equality ought to be noninheritable . Lebanese individuals says proudlyregarding freedom and rights in Asian country, this pride ought to push to support the hard-to-pleasefor ladies rights. Read more at http://smallseotools. com/article-rewriter/#qjZSvHQXilDiPq0b. 99

Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting

AC 216 – Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting Exam #1 Name SOLUTIONS Part I. Multiple Choice (2 pts each, 40 pts total) Instructions: Select the one best answer to each question. 1. The insufficient anchor adjustment cognitive bias refers to: a. placing too much significance on the average value. b. placing significance on an erroneous prior value. c. overconfidence in one’s decision based on insufficient information. d. placing too much significance on a value which is the hardest to recall. 2. Which of the following characteristics typifies a complicated environment? . good practice. b. process reengineering. c. exclusive use of experts. d. best practice. â€Å"c† arguably makes sense but the word â€Å"exclusive† makes it less than the best answer. 3. Which of the following statements is correct: a. Problems can be universally agreed upon, while issues are subject to greater depth of debate. b. Problems and issues are both always universally agreed upon. c. Issues can be universally agreed upon, while problems are subject to greater depth of debate. d. Problems are exactly the same as issues. 4.Deciding whether to use strawberry or grape jam on one’s sandwich is: a. not a moral issue because no real decision needs to be made. b. a moral issue because a choice between alternatives is required. c. not a moral issue because no component of harm exists. d. a moral issue because consequences are important. 5. Ksenia believes that success is under her own control. She most likely has a/an: a. high internal locus of control b. high external locus of control c. high locus of control d. a lack of locus of control 6. Kohlberg’s theories on ethical awareness state that: . differing levels of ethical awareness exist. b. locus of control determines one’s level of ethical awareness. c. most individuals reach a â€Å"stage 3† level of ethical awareness. d. both A and C are correct. 7. Which of the following statem ents regarding Trevino’s eight steps to ethical decision making are incorrect? a. The framework starts off with mechanical steps followed by personal ones. b. Identification of stakeholders and weighing alternatives are two separate steps. c. In real life decision making, not all eight steps are always followed. d.The role of intuition is not considered. 8. Which of the following ethical approaches is considered to be a mixed framework? a. Kant ethics. b. Sidgwick’s dualism. c. Love ethic. d. Existentialism. 9. The Existentialism approach is similar to the egoism approach in what regard? a. Both are teleological approaches. b. Both are deontological approaches. c. Both have a narrow individual focus. d. Both balance individual and group considerations. 10. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Business ethics deals exclusively with the theory behind right and wrong. b.Business ethics deals with the application of standards of right and wrong. c. Ethics and l aw are synonymous. d. Ethics and morality are exactly the same since both deal with application of right and wrong. 11. Which of the following describes law and ethics. a. They are exactly the same. b. Some legal actions may not be ethical. c. All ethical actions are also legal. d. All legal actions are also ethical. 12. According to the textbook and class discussion, U. S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines: a. Treat all firms equally despite their attempts to act ethically. b.Increase the severity of penalties for firms that tried to act ethically but failed to do so. c. Attempt to reduce the severity of penalties when a firm has tried to act ethically. d. Treat misconduct as a clear cut matter of right or wrong. 13. The argument for extreme ethical relativism fails because: a. It is illogical. b. It advocates a consequentialist decision making framework. c. It advocates a mixed framework approach. d. Both A and C are correct. 14. Ethical conduct depends largely on: a. Good decision ma king. b. Practical application of standards of right and wrong. . Making decisions when not all facts are known. d. All of the above. 15. Which of the following best typify’s a Contractarian Ethics approach? a. Treating like cases in a consistent and fair manner. b. Focusing on overall collective benefit for society. c. Balancing just actions for individuals only. d. Everyone should look out for themselves only. In this way, overall society benefits. 16. A set of practices, for polite society, common to a particular group is called: a. etiquette. b. custom. c. law. d. professionalism. 17. According to Jim Collins great companies focus on: a.Short-term goals only. b. Long-term goals only. c. Both short and long term goals. d. Neither short nor long term goals. 18. Intuitionalism: a. is a mixed framework. b. emphasizes rules and exceptions to the rule. c. a deontological framework. d. Both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† 19. Which of the following is correct regarding the d efinitions of the following terms? | |Morality |Ethics | |a. |Theoretical |Practical | |b. |Practical |Theoretical | |c. Theoretical |Theoretical | |d. |Practical |Practical | 20. Which of the following statements regarding business ethics is incorrect? a. The mechanics of thinking and decision making are key components. b. Use of different approaches and frameworks always yields the same decision since there is always a best option. c. Decisions often need to be made when all facts are not known. d. Just because more than one option exists, it does not mean that all options are acceptable. Part II. Essay (20 points each; 60 points total)Prepare a proper essay response to all three of the questions appearing below. 1. Define the notion of an â€Å"ethical dilemma. † What tests are available which help to indicate the presence of an â€Å"ethical dilemma? † 2. If you had to choose just one of the philosophical approaches discussed in this chapter to guide your decision making, which would you choose? Why? Or, if you had to rank them from most to least helpful, how would you rank them? 3. Citing an example to help illustrate your point, define and apply the 8 steps recommended in ethical decision making as discussed by Trevino.

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at - Essay Example The day when I got a chance to see the show was on March 21 at 7.30 P.M. Romeo and Juliet is the greatest love story ever told. Most English literatures recognize the ironic love story. Its setting is on the Prohibition Era in Chicago. It is a family drama of the timelessness of forbidden love. The strong desires of Romeo and Juliet are hindered by a deadly organized crime feud. A dilemma comes into the light whether to choose family or their love. It is a tragic romance. Audiences are usually challenged to examine not only the unfolding of passion but also the inevitability of fate. This makes it a very interesting play to watch and anyone who had the chance to visit the college’s Theatre had no other choice. The plot in many great works usually contains some very basic ingredients. There has to be the initial situation, conflict, complication, climax, suspense, denouement, and conclusion. The play followed all the fundamental elements. The explanation of each one of them is as follows There is a family feud between the Capulet and the Montague servants. The play opens when one of the Capulet servants signals to the Montague servants using a simple hand gesture. Unfortunately, this leads to a full-out fight. The Prince becomes so furious and points out that anyone who will be held holding a public fight would be put to death. On another part of the stage, the two lovers are introduced. Juliet is a young girl aged thirteen –years old; she belongs to the Capulet side. Romeo, on the other hand, represents the Montague side. He is supposedly head over heels in love with a girl called Rosaline. Rosaline though was too busy for him. Romeo crashes into a Capulet Party has hopes amidst hope that he would be able to have a glimpse on Rosaline. Instead, he sees Juliet and it was love, at first sight. They talk for a maximum of five minutes before starting to make out. The conflict occurs when

Establishing and Maintaining a Creative Work Climate Term Paper

Establishing and Maintaining a Creative Work Climate - Term Paper Example valuing creativity; (2) by listening attentively and looking for positive aspects in employee’s suggestions and opinions; (3) by implementing employees’ ideas and giving credit when due; and (4) by avoiding discouraging employees through emphasizing that they should not be afraid of failure and can in fact learn from them (243). These concepts indicate that the creation of a creative work climate depends greatly on the ability and style of the leader to solicit cooperative, collaborative and innovative efforts from subordinates along the organizational hierarchy. Mind Edge (2007) provided some guidelines in the creation of a creative climate which are consistent with Certo’s (2007) recommendations: promoting and communicating innovation and creativity as part of values of the organization; relaying the natural tendencies for mistakes as part of the creative process; and allotting organizational resources to promote creativity through time, money and effort. Likew ise, the discourse stipulated the importance of training to develop creative skills. In addition, there are eminent benefits seen in promoting diversity and therefore acknowledging that opinions and ideas from different perspectives are sources of creative and innovative ideas. Increasingly more global organizations include diversity in culture in their policies such as Walmart (Walmart: Diversity, 2010); Johnson & Johnson (Johnson & Johnson, 2011); and Procter & Gamble (Procter & Gamble, 2011), among a host of others, and realize that diversity encourages the creation and development of positive working environments conducive to honing of abilities, skills, and competencies. Rewarding and motivating exemplary creative performance is also a plus factor to create a conducive working environment. The... This essay stressses that many conditions, policies and practices in the work setting could be a barrier in the promotion of a creative work climate, especially for personnel who have not been prepared to attune themselves to develop creative thinking and to promote thinking outside the box. The creation and maintenance of a creative work climate is possible through objective, transparent and humane treatment of employees by leaders who acknowledge and encourage innovativeness, creativity and positive thinking. In this regard, the essay aims to present both a research and critical analysis of the topic: ‘Establishing and Maintaining a Creative Work Climate’ sourced from the textbook entitled Supervision Concepts and Skill-building written by Samuel C. Certo. The research would delve into determining the elements that encourages creating thinking to establish and maintain a creative work climate; and to present barriers that preclude creativity in the work environment. This paper makes a conclusion that the success or failure of an organization is caused by a combination of internal and external factors that influence its existence. As averred by Certo, â€Å"a well-led group of creative employees can generate far more good ideas as one creative supervisor trying to come up with all the ideas†. The collective and collaborative efforts that contribute to more innovative and creative ideas sources from diverse points of views, as encouraged, developed and promoted by effective leaders, all attest that creativity in the work place is crucial for an organization’s sustained success.

Transgenic plants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transgenic plants - Essay Example ique was to create disease resistant specie by making forced hybridization between distinct plant species through in-vitro technique such as protoplast fission or embryo rescue (Wikipedia, 2009). In the process of transgenic plants development, DNA plays the most vital role. The genetic information remains encoded in DNA through certain specific sequence of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). The whole process can be well expressed with the help of the diagram given below: Hence, from the diagram it is clear that at first the DNA gets converted to mRNA through transcription and then by the process of translation it gets converted into protein. This protein acts as a bio-catalyst and can accelerate other biochemical reactions or it can turn to storage unit of a cell and contribute in formation of a trait of the plant. As discussed above, transgenic plant is the product of DNA transfer and hence, there are two main methods of transforming plants cell and tissues. It can be performed either by â€Å"Gene Gun† method, which is more common in monocot species, or through â€Å"Agrobacterium† method, that has been successfully used in the dicot species. (Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2004). The traditional process of transgenic plant development is still controversial as evidences indicate that this technique was in use from many years for developing different variety of food crop which were resistant to many devastating diseases. In 1930, a variety of wheat called â€Å"Hope† was developed by E. S. McFadden which was resistant to â€Å"rusts†. It was found that natural movement of genes commonly occurs due to transposons and retrotransposons (mobile genetic elements). They assist in natural translocation of the genes in the genome and thus, lead to the formation of a new species. This is a natural process for formation of transgenic plants and these natural mobile genetic elements have been used by many researchers in their laboratory work

Comparative Corporate Governance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Comparative Corporate Governance - Assignment Example Either way, the only time that accountability comes into play is when there is a crisis. In this way, managerial accountability issues are the same across jurisdictions. I. Corporate Governance in the United States Corporate governance and governance arrangements vary widely from country to country, and to illustrate this an in-depth examination will focus upon the UK and the United States. The first thing to understand about the United States’ corporate governance is that it evolved after the Enron and WorldCom scandals of the early 1990s to early 2000s. In order to understand why corporate governance in the UK and the United States evolved, one must under the precipitating factors in their evolutions, and that was the Enron and WorldCom scandals in the late 1990s-early 2000s. Corporate governance was different for the United States in the 1980s, because, during this period, hostile takeovers changed the way that corporations did business. 1 Leveraged buyouts were costly mane uvers, which made managers sensitive to the market price of their firm. This, in turn, led to great risks in inflating the stock prices. This was coupled with widespread deregulation and the rise of CEO pay.2 Since CEO pay was tied to the company’s performance, the CEO had reason to inflate the corporate numbers, because this, in turn, would inflate the salary of the CEO. The tie from the company’s performance to the CEO was further reason for the CEO to obsess about the day to day price of the firm. What this means was that, since the CEO pay was tied to the performance of the company, there was further reason for the CEO to inflate numbers, because it would also inflate his or her salary. Because of this tie from the performance of the company to the CEO pay, the CEO was given further reason to obsess over the day to day price of the firm. Moreover, there was a failure of accounting in catching the Enron and WorldCom debacles.3 Arthur Andersen, the accounting firm be hind the Enron scandal, went from being one of the most well-respected professional firms in the world to a shamed company that was not only responsible for the Enron scandal, but securities frauds in Waste Management, Sunbeam, HBOCMcKesson, The Baptist Foundation and Global Crossing as well.4 While the U.S. has also traditionally believed in the power of the free market,5 in the wake of the scandals, the U.S. implemented a series of rules, as codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, by which corporations must abide. Some of these rules involve transparency in the disclosure of executive compensation.6 According to the SEC, all corporations must disclose any remuneration made to the CEO, CFO and the three most highly paid officers.7 The rules apply to the following disclosures: â€Å"(1) tabular disclosures regarding executive remuneration and director remuneration;(2) narrative description of other types of remuneration and any information material to an understanding of the t abular information, and (3) a Compensation Discussion and Analysis (â€Å"CD&A†)†8 . The way that all companies must disclose this information is through their annual proxy statement, which the SEC's website makes available on-line.9 Additionally, there are other regulations that are designed to increase transparency about executive and director compensation. For instance, there are regulations that require disclosure regarding â€Å"(i) beneficial ownership of public company securities by persons owning 5% or more of

Mary Shelley- Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mary Shelley- Frankenstein - Essay Example However, one must ask him/herself whether all these experiments, explorations and research now are not as dangerous, or even more dangerous than those described in this novel. Victor Frankenstein, a young man, devastated by seeing his mother die is firmly resolved to study natural philosophy, particularly chemistry, with one purpose only: to find the secret to creation of life and preventing diseases from degrading, disintegrating, decaying of the human bodies, and maybe discover the secret to eternal life, or in other words to infuse life into an inanimate body. â€Å"†¦To examine the causes of life, we must first have recourse to death. I became acquainted with the science of anatomy, but this was not sufficient; I must also observe the natural decay and corruption of the human body†¦My attention was fixed upon every object the most insupportable to the delicacy of the human feelings. I saw how the fine form of man was degraded and wasted; I beheld the corruption of death succeed to the blooming cheek of life; I saw how the worm inherited the wonders of the eye and brain. I paused, examining and analyzing all the minutiae of causation, as exe mplified in the change from life to death, and death to life, until from the midst of this darkness a sudden light broke in upon me – a light so brilliant and wondrous, yet so simple, that while I became dizzy with the immensity of the prospect which it illustrated, I was surprised that among so many men of genius who had directed their inquiries towards the same science, that I alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret† (â€Å"Frankenstein†, chapter 4, p.p.28-29). Similarly, Robert Walton, the captain of a ship exploring the northernmost part of the earth and narrator of Victor’s story, is in a similar search of the â€Å"country with eternal light†, mentioned in his first letter to his sister. Eternal light should be understood as his own search of ultimate knowledge.

Human Resource Planning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human Resource Planning - Research Proposal Example Apparently, skilled, loyal and motivated employees remain nowadays obviously the only reliable asset and competitive advantage of modern corporations. In terms when company's past success does not serve a password to "cloudless future" businesses need to rely on stable assets and first of all on human resources. Increasing attention to human resources has recently called into being a new set of methods, principles and techniques known as Human Research Management (HRM). Respectively, the set of strategies designed to develop the policy towards human resources is known as Human Resource Planning Activities (HRP). The importance of HRM and HRP is hardly objected in any company following western standards of business. It is clear that its performance depends not only on hard and attenuating work of its personnel, but also on the "human side" of the employees, i.e.: their competence, motivation, attitudes, communication and other variables. Observing Gunnigle and associates (2002: 12) HRM is the core of company's general efficiency and the basis for effective management. Beardwell and associates (2003: 15) believe that regardless the visible simplicity, the area of HRM and HRP has dramatic complexity due to potentially unpredictable nature of human resources. If a company fails to design HRP and direct human resources in the right areas of the business, at the right time and at the right cost, serious inefficiencies are likely to arise creating considerable operational difficulties and likely business failure (Beardwell, 2003). In the present project I will (i) identify the importance of human resource and vitality of HRP in modern business; (ii) investigate the HRP of IBM company which is one of the pioneers and leaders in the area of human resource management, (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of IBM's HRP activities and (iv) propose and justify reasonable changes in the HRP policy of the company. The importance of HRM and HRP in modern business Also organizational history is obviously as old as the history of human civilization itself, the chronicle of human resources management is much younger. Originally emerged in 1960s, the paradigm of HRM relied, however, on previous researches and findings of organizational scientists. As Alan Price (2000: 62) believes, HRM "hasn't come out of nowhere" as there is a long history of attempts to achieve an understanding of human behavior in the workplace. Throughout the whole XX century and even earlier both practitioners and scholars attempted to design the theories explaining human behavior at work and the ways to raise its effectiveness. A number of organizational theories brought to life the principles of HRM in 1960s-1970s. Though many of modern HRM principles have been already developed by this time, the year of HRM "official birth" is 1981 when Harvard Business School introduced a course that served a blueprint for global spread of human resource planning and management (Price, 2 000: 64). A good insight into the value of HR related programs has been provided by Schuler (1990: 52-54). He emphasized that the HR function had an opportunity to shift from being an "employee

Doyles Background Essay Example for Free

Doyles Background Essay Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He was one of the children whose father was poorly paid civil servant and an alcoholic. Doyle married Louise Hawkins in 1885 and at the time he was interested in physic studies but studied medicine which he gave up as he was not succeeding. So instead he decided to pursue his first love which was writing. The features that make a gripping crime story are the development of suspense and mystery. In the story are The man with the twisted lip mystery is built up when Neville S. t Clair, alias the beggar Hugh Boone, sends his wife a letter explaining of his good health when Holmes believes hes been murdered. Crime writers also use stereotypical characters. This is typical in both Doyles stories and modern day crime writing. The most likeliest of villains is a middle aged, aggressive, non-sociable man. (NR RoyCott) Another important feature to a crime story is the plot, it has to be original and it has to spark intrigue and enigma. The investigator who has the job of solving the crime has to be unique, resourceful and have super human intelligence and skill, something which Holmes has in abundance. Holmes character is one of originality. He is in one way eccentric due to the strange and bizarre challenging cases that he thrives on solving. Holmes is a very observant and intelligent man and acknowledges clues other people wouldnt. This art of solving clues enables him to hypothesise the outcome. He noticed a tattoo on Vabez Wilsons arm revealing he had once travelled to China, and he noticed the dirt on Vincent Spauldings knees meaning he had been digging. Though intelligent, Holmes is also extremely unpredictable. He can at one moment seem calm and deep in thought, but the next he is activated by an ecstasy of movement. He has high morals, he never takes advantage of desperate people. (S. t Claires wife), he helps the poor, and the only money he accepts is that of his own expenses. (As to reward my possession is its reward you are at liberty to defray whatever expenses I may be put to at the time which suits you best). Doyle uses the character of Watson to highlight Holmes intelligence when Holmes is approached by a victim, he plunges them into deep non-stop questioning. While seeming unsympathetic he is in deep concentration trying to fit the pieces of the puzzle together. This is in contrast to Watson, he is extremely sympathetic and comforting Watson rarely sees the relevance of some pieces of information. (In The Speckled Band Watson doesnt think twice about the bell cord that opens the narrow ventilation). Sometimes though, Watson appears to be clever but in the end the clue is of irrelevance. (Watson looking at footprints in mud while Holmes in looking around the boundaries of Vulias room for means of entrance). Holmes perceptiveness is again acknowledged in the concluding part of the story when he reveals all to Watson. Doyles techniques for creating suspense and tension are the same as those used in crime writing today. He sets the plot in typical settings often dark or isolated. (Stoke Maran / Opium Den). He builds up tension by using vivid description as in The Speckled Band where Holmes interpretation of stoke Maran is, The central portion was in little better repair, but the right hand block was comparatively modern, and the blinds in the windows with the blue smoke curling up from the chimneys showed this was were the family lived. The plot of Holmes stories usually start off with the victim approaching Holmes for advice and there is a twist of fate, with a few red herrings to throw the reader off the trail. The plot ends when Holmes and Watson wait for the criminal in the pitch darkness usually with Watson poised with his cocked revolver. And left us in pitch darkness as I have never experienced before. The smell of metal remained to assure us that the light was still there ready, to flash out at a moments notice. Doyle introduces clues at a rapid rate so there are a number of possibilities. The importance of some clues is not always apparent, but is explained at the end by who else but Holmes. The introduction of clues starts very early, as soon as Holmes is approached by the victim. In all 3 stories the motivation for crime is MONEY (S. t Claire begs for money / Dr RoyCott murders so no-one can claim inheritance / and Vincent Spaulding trying to rob the bank). Holmes uses power of observation to eliminate people from his enquiries. He also uses personal experiences from other crimes to help him deduct a conclusion . As a mule, when I have heard some slight indication of the course of events I am able to guide myself by the thousands of other similar cases. Other cases can appear important but some are red herrings such as the gypsies in The Speckled Band which added mystery to the stories. But all is in hand as Holmes uses his scientific knowledge and other methods of investigation which were relatively new to the Victorians. He is also very logical and never looks past the obvious. Doyles stories are as interesting today as they were for Victorians 100 years ago because they are original, peculiar and they still spark intrigue for readers today. Doyles stories were the first and since then they have set a standard for the rest. There are similarities between original detective stories and modern detective genre because they both have a fast pace, a twist in the middle, and a final confrontation.

Top 10 Issues in America Essay Example for Free

Top 10 Issues in America Essay One issue where the stakes are simply too high to ignore China is rising. America should look for cooperative mechanisms to advance its goals where possible but continue to press bilaterally with China and better deploy regional and international mechanisms where necessary. To be above china again America needs to restore financial stability. With U.S. financial troubles at the center of the current global vortex, the U.S. has important obligations to strengthen the global financial system, including by enhancing financial regulation and diminishing reliance on foreign credit. Our health care needs to have some sort of ability so that every American citizen can have affordable health care. Each and every citizen has the right to be helped if they are medically in trouble and fighting for there life so we should be able to help everyone in America. Another issue that America our National Security which deals with a lot of gun violence. Many guns are being sold illegally everyday on the streets. American citizens in some places cant walk down there streets or go to school without being worried about being shot to death. The gun shootings show that a lot of people do not care about our world until it is there issue. An issue that many seem to now care about is pollution. We the citizens of America are the ones creating the issue of pollution but why do many not care. Another problem that America has is immigration. We are having a lot of people try and illegally come live here and work here which is making a lot of our citizens not able to get a job. Immigration can also lead us to the issue of over population. We as a country are over populated. This issue makes it harder for a lot of people to get jobs to be financially stable. Also creates a low amount of space in where we can fit more homes. America likes to spend a lot of there time watching what the media has to say. Media is wrecking our society by giving people images of what we should look like and what we should be which is destroying many individuals. Also the only thing that media likes to show us on the news is all the bad stuff that goes on in the world. We need to start showing more positive views of who we are rather than another person being shot for no apparent reason. I also think that because of media a lot of Americans are not exercising properly leading to the issue of obesity. This big issue in America a lot of our citizens are over weight. A way this issue is somewhat being fixed is in New York they banned large bottled soda. America has a lot of issues that all seem to somehow tie together. I feel that if we start demolishing some of the issues we have that sooner or later the other issues that tag along with the main issue with disappear. So as one American Citizen to another wouldnt it be better to start tackling the issue today as opposed to tomorrow? Five Most Important Rights to American Citizens Five Most Important Responsibilities of the American Citizen

Importance of Toys for Child Creativity and Development

Importance of Toys for Child Creativity and Development Introduction Nowadays, there are a lot of newborn baby and children in world. Average one year of newborn baby in Malaysia was 20.41 out of 1,000 population. Kids need toys and plays to entertain them and learn things. So I do believe that when we were young, we used to spend a whole day long sitting in the middle of living room playing toys with brother and sister. Inmy childhood of 90s,we play toy soldier, lego, dolls, puzzle, masak-masak (it means cooking in Malay language) and etc. Playing was fun. We can turn our toys to be anything that we want it to be. This is where we can slowly build up and develop our creativity through toys and absorb to brain. And nowadays we can see that a lot of kids hanging Ipad in anywhere along with parents. No matter they were pooping, shopping, or eating, It has becomes an essential for them, not only for kids, It is also an important source of relaxation and stimulation for adults too. Besides, a lot of adult used IPad in their work too. Play is part of their job, part of learning, to work through difficult situation, to gain experience and life skill. They could practice the basic life skills through playing or toys. In this research, I am going to write about howtoys and playscan influence kids to become creative. Objective The purpose that I doing this research is to know how important of toys can leading kids to be success in their life, to be able think creatively, to guide the world into global thinking, to find out how important of creativity. Hypothesis If toys canmake a kid to be happy, then it can be a learning tool as well. Keywords: toy, play, creativity, kids, the impact of toy on children. 1.1 Research Question 1. How important of toys to the kids? 2. How important of creativity to us in the future? 1.2 Literature Review Every kids is an artist, the problem is how to maintain an artist once you grow-up ( Pablo Picasso 1973). If children are an artist, what to do to maintain them? To become an artist have to train since they are kids. Kids are quicker to learn anything than adults because kids mind are still fresh and brain is still forming (Jandy Jeppson with Judith A. Myers-Walls and Dee Love 2006 ). Kids can absorb massive amounts of information in all the way while they are five was confirmed by ( Dr. Robert Leston and Patrice Bending 2008 ).Toysare an essential way to kid’s learning by ( Matt Damon 2009 ). Besides, children were found they were more active when they were playing toys compare with they were not playing toys or boxes (Fedateal 2011). Some of the parents think that toys arejust an object for kids to play with. They does not know how important of a toy can develop and influence kid’s mind. Toys designed not only for having fun but it was somehow to strengthening their m inds and bodies. Children are always uncreditable creative, so toys always the best choice for children to develop creativity thinking by( Andrea Atkinson 2005 ). To work out with toys, the firstthing we must know is how to choose a right toy for our children. When we are planning to buy a toy, we should concern about our kid’s personality, interest, like or dislike and check out for the toy safety standard, but not just simply buy it by ( Alvin Eden, MD 1998 ). So we suggest that parent should buy toys that are not directly tied to the particular theme. By this way, it will help children to think and show out their imagination to the new toys and playing situations by ( Keith Sawyer 7th December 2005 ). Is creativity important? Yes, Is important because creativity is creation, experimenting, growing, adventure, making mistake and having fun said by ( Mary Lau Cook 2008 ). ( Steve Jobs ) also said that creativity is linking two different thing so that it will become an unique invention. Every kidis born with creative potential. In order to make kids think creatively, Parents should encouraging and nurturing their kids with patience. Besides that, we should make sure those toys are creatively designed instead of just simply buying a toy. There is some of the basic example of toys likes, books, art and craft, musical toys to make noises with, clay or role play toys that you can choose for( Marilyn Lopes October, p. 3 ). Theoretical Framework Table above has shown the nine stages of Psychosocial Development. ( Erik H. Erikson and Joan Erikson ). It has explained the nine stages of human developing from infancy to late adulthood. In the stage of Initiative vs. guilt which means kids are in age of 4 to 5, they are started to feel curiosity on everything. We should foster their curiosity and the sense of adventure in kid’s learning stage. Trying to play with toys and answer their question to let them learn or parents can play belong with them such like pretend play. This could make them learn the imagination. Research Methodology Research Strategy I am using different kind of techniques like observations, interviews and surveys, I would like to examine on play based learning in individual participants and apply to ethnographic data on it. I will prepare some surveys and questionnaires, and having a 10 minutes of the interview to the couple or parents to answer my questions. Besides that, i will arrange the kids who are from those parents that i having interview for having fun with toys and i will asking them some of the ideas and thoughts from them for helping me to complete my research. I will be choosing some specific toys such like wooden blocks or lego. I will also ask for their opinion if they like or dislike the toys and ask for their reasons. Through the data collect by surveys, I will choose to analyze the facts by using qualitative research. In last, I also will use literature review in helping me to understand this topic more and to support my research. Audience Social Contexts My target audience would be those couple who just married and ready to have a baby and parents that have little kids at home. Why my target audience would be them? Because for new born parents they have no experience in choosing children’s toys. My research would be a guide for them. Design Contexts My design context in my research is purposely for education.Because toys can be separate to different types. Example like books, musical toys and so on. So children can learn through this kind of stuff. But Besides education, it is also a guide to the parent and couple who ready to have a baby. Toys can said is an important play to our children or kids. Why we said so? Because a good toy it will help our children to point out their abilities. A good toy can develop and influence our children’s thinking, their interest and even children’s creativity. In my research, it related to art and design. Toy can branch out a kid or children’s creativity, their playing situation and their playing performance. From this way parent can know that what are their children’s interest, like or dislike. Besides, toy also can release stress and enjoy the happy hour with children. Last but not least, Toy and play are related and connecting with art and designs. Key Terminology I would be choosing qualitative research for my key terminology. I will try to make a survey and pass out to the couples who are just get married and parents from age 25-35 to gather up the needed details for my qualitative research. Ethical Consideration Toys are much more useful than just being influence creativity. There are a lot of advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of playing toy are letting your kids have a chance to play with sibling or friends. It can make you stay close with your friendship or even meet some new friends too. Besides that, it can reduce stress too, although kids normally don’t have too much of stress, but when parents play along with their kids, they can connect with their kids, reduce the stress from working and the most important is can closer relationship between kids and parents. Summary In summary, Toys are bringing enjoyment and happiness to kids. It can be a learning tool that could lead your kids to be success in their life too. Toys could enhance kids’ cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. It helps your kids to develop their mind to be creative, share their thoughts and idea to guide the whole world into the new era. Kids are our future, nurturing them when they are kids.

Euthanasia Essay - Religious Views on Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia P

Official Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay is dedicated to the expression of the various official views of religious bodies within our nation. Most major denominations are represented. These religions have long been the custodians of the truth, serving to check the erratic and unpredictable tendencies of political, judicial and social bodies which would have Americans killing off their elderly and handicapped.    The National Association of Evangelicals believe that human beings are made in the image of God and are, therefore, of inestimable worth. God has given people the highest dignity of all creation. Such human dignity prohibits euthanasia, that is actively causing a person's death.    Is it moral to withdraw a life-support system which is believed to be an inappropriate extension of the dying process? The National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) believes that in cases where patients are terminally ill, death appears imminent and treatment offers no medical hope for a cure, it is morally appropriate to request the withdrawal of life-support systems, allowing natural death to occur. In such cases, every effort should be made to keep the patient free of pain and suffering, with emotional and spiritual support being provided until the patient dies. The National Association of evangelicals believes that in cases where extensive brain injury has occurred and there is clear medical indication that the patient has suffered brain death (permanent unconscious state), no medical treatment can reverse the process. Removal of any extraordinary life-support system at this time is morally appropriate and allows the dying process to proceed.(National)    The Union of Orthodox... ...rson cannot be legitimately interrupted. The use of painkillers to alleviate the sufferings of the dying, even at the risk of shortening their days, can be morally in conformity with human dignity if death is not willed as either an end or a means, but only foreseen and tolerated as inevitable. Palliative care is a special form of disinterested charity. As such it should be encouraged. (Catechism) WORKS CITED: National Association of Evangelicals of America http://www.euthanasia.com/evangel.html Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America http://www.ou.org/public/statements/1999/nate43.htm   Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod http://www.euthanasia.com/missouri.html Reformed Church in America http://www.euthanasia.com/lakes.html Catechism of the Catholic Church http://www.euthanasia.com/catech.html

French Lietenants Woman :: essays papers

French Lietenants Woman Existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness, isolation and freedom upon and individual is a major theme in John Fowles’, The French Lieutenants Woman. Is our life ordained by the superior, or do we power our future? In chapter 13, Fowles interrupts the narration and notes the natural aspects of writing as a novelist, the freedom of the characters that he has created, and the time and structure o f the novel itself. Though awkward to incorporate the authors visions in their own literature, it is manipulated fiction, meta-fiction that is, which perhaps is a subject of major interest amongst the readers of The French Lieutenants Woman. At first, in chapter 13, it becomes evident that he himself, Fowles, is uncertain of his writings, â€Å"I do not know† he immediately confirms. By the third paragraph he has repeated the word â€Å"perhaps† five times, demonstrating Fowles puzzlement of whether he restrains his characters, or, they control him ? Fowles addresses on behalf of all novelists, and comments on the natural features of writing, that a novelist has no predetermined illustration from chapter one. Fowles also states, â€Å"We wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is†(pg.81), which associates to how this novel is a classical Victorian one, but, from a a modern perception. Fowles tries to link the idea of a modern perspective with existentialism, that it is no longer like the pre-ordained Victorians, but the concept that his characters are free from authority. Although Fowles aims to attaining a point of focus in chapter 13, he repeatedly, violently and offensively comments on God and faith. He sates, that he â€Å"The novelist stands next to God†, which is an scarce feature amongst people in general, the suggestion of equating yourself to God. Not only does Fowles reveal this, but following that he concludes â€Å"He may not know all, yet he tries to pretend that he does,† which may well suggest also God â€Å"does not know all†. This comparison is again evident, â€Å"the novelist is still a God, since he createsà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.82). In addition, Fowles does not understand that in much of his views, he is speaking on behalf of thousands of authors, which possibly will find his comments rather offending.

Accounting as a Language Essay

Accounting is often referred to as the language of business. It is a special-purpose tool for communication about the financial statements and the performance of a company. This can happen through written, natural language by selecting words from a standard vocabulary combining them in meaningful ways. These words are then organised into financial reports according to relatively flexible rules of presentation. Accounting dates back to 1494 when Luca Pacioli published a book called Summa de Arithmetic. It Around the 15th century, accounting records were found amongst ruins of ancient Babylon, Assyria and Sumeria. It is suggested that people relied on accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. During the Roman Empire, accounting was quantified and listed as a public expenditure which included grants of land and religious offerings. Money to army veterans was also given. Current Issues affecting Accounting as a language The decline of the U. S dollar is a perfect example of an issue that affects accounting as a language. The objective of accounting theory is to provide a basis for the prediction and to explain accounting behaviour and its events. This theory assumes that a stable monetary unit is present. See more: Social process essay Further decline in the purchasing power of the dollar has affected all realities and its associated languages. Events like this play a vital role as to whether a new language of bookkeeping needs to be implemented. Accounting language must develop theories which are rational. There may be instances where a procedure does not appear to be reasonable. An example of this can be seen with the determination of joint product and by-product costs. The reason why this raises doubts is because it is difficult to allocate costs in a way that accurate costs can be obtained. In addition to accounting language theories being rational is its usefulness. Theories and conclusions are constantly being tested to measure the usefulness of the research provided. According to Harold G Avery, many systems have been neglected as it was not useful in expressing the relevant information to management. It is safe to say that no language will receive acceptance if it cannot be used to an advantage, as this information is relied upon to make sound business judgements and needs to be readily available. So how is this information translated to the users? Ac as a language- Financial data is used to communicate the financial positions of a entity and then translates this to its various users. It is pertinent that in order to evaluate the financial results of the entity, it is necessary that the financial statements of that particular company with either its financial results of the industry or the past results. Ratio analysis is used to determine the status of the company’s ability to pay its short and long term debts. It can also analyze to determine the company liquidity and debts levels, these indicators are critical in determining the business ability to continue operations into the future. IAS 1 prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements intended to meet the needs of users who are not in a position to require an entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular information needs. IAS 1 does not specifically apply to the form, structure, and content of an interim financial report but many of the overall considerations as the need for fair presentation and consistency. Globally accounting is recognized as the tool for communicating the financial statements and performance. Without a clear structure for accounting language, businesses and users alike would suffer economically as the financial statements would not be fair and true, which would be costly to us all. Accounting data is used to produce financial statements which depict a picture of entities profitability. This information enables accounting to translate this ‘foreign language’ into one that is understood by its users. This purpose of this translation is to aide sound business decisions. Users who benefit from this can be shareholders, management, government, financial institutions and prospective investors.

History of Psychological Profiling Essay

In the early 19th century, when astronomers timed the passage of stars overhead, they noticed that they all came up with different results. They chalked these individual differences up to differences in what they called the â€Å"personality† of the eye. Even as far back as the mid-1800’s, distinguished scholars were championing the whole person as a unit of study. From that point forward, individual psychologists began to conceptualize personality and behavior differently. Sir Fancis Galton (1822-1911) Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) may properly be called the first practitioner of psychological testing. It has been said that he originated mental tests, and assumed that intelligence could be measured in terms of a person’s level of sensory capacity-the higher the intelligence, the higher the level of sensory discrimination. Galton also began a long line of research on mental imagery, much of which included the first extensive use of the psychological questionnaire. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) For Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), founder of the psychoanalytic movement, personality consisted of; the ID, the Ego and the Superego, all of which he believed guide our behavior to an extent. During the 1920’s, psychoanalysis developed as a theoretical system for understanding all of human motivation and personality, not just a treatment for the mentally disturbed. William James (1842-1910) William James (1842-1910), often considered the greatest American psychologist, argued that human behavior was the result of hereditary, habits and/or instincts. Still considered a major contribution to psychology, The Principles of Psychology was published in 1890, to both acclaim and condemnation, yet remains one of the most widely read books in the field. James Mckeen Cattell (1860-1944) A contemporary of William James, James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) is credited with influencing the movement in American psychology toward a more practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes. The theme of all his research was the problem of individual difference. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Although it was Cattell who coined the term â€Å"mental test,† it was Alfred Binet (1857-1911) who developed the first truly psychological test of mental ability in 1905 to predict school performance. That test is still in use today as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. John b. Watson (1878-1958) At the same time, John B. Watson (1878-1958) was founding a new trend in psychology-the behaviorist movement. Although he began his career with the study of animal behavior, he ended it by studying consumer-buying behavior. Watson exerted a major impact on advertising in the U.S. through the application of behaviorist principles, which can still be easily seen and heard in commercials and ads today. Carl Jung (1875-1961) Although once heralded by Freud as the heir apparent to the psychoanalytic movement, Carl Jung (1875-1961) came to differ with Freud on the direction of the forces that influence the human personality. Jung believed that our behavior was not exclusively shaped by our past childhood experiences, but by our future hopes, goals and aspirations as well. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Behaviorist B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) argued that all behavior, except verbal behavior, was merely the correlation between a stimulus and a response. He developed a program for behavioral control of societies, and more than anyone else is responsible for the large-scale use of teaching machines and techniques of behavior modification. Prior to World War I only limited attempts had been made to measure personality. For example, in the late 19th century, a German psychiatrist had used what he called a â€Å"free-association† test, in which patients responded to stimulus words with the first word that came to mind. During World War I, the U.S. army wanted to know which of its recruits were highly neurotic. Psychologist Robert Woodworth constructed the â€Å"Personal Data Sheet,† a self-report instrument that asked recruits to indicate the neurotic that traits applied to them. Although the Personal Data Sheet saw little use during the war, it was the prototype for much of the personality profiling currently in use. Raymond b. Cattell (1905-1998) Then in 1950, Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) suggested that the central problem in personality psychology was the prediction of behavior. Cattell argued that traits were the central variables in personality and could be divided into three general categories; dynamic traits-those that set an individual into action to accomplish a goal; ability traits-which concern the individual’s effectiveness in reaching a goal; and temperament traits-which were the stylistic aspects, like dispositions, moods, and emotions. Ground breaking work was done during the 1960’s by Dr. Robert Guion in the field of personality testing within the workplace, much of which is reflected in his book Personnel Testing (McGraw-Hill 1965). Dr. Guion focused on testing candidates for employment as a basis for predicting their probable â€Å"fit† in the workplace. During the 1970’s personality testing became increasingly accepted as an invaluable resource to many employers when selecting employees for hire or promotion. Unfortunately, due to the costs typically associated with these instruments and their administration, the use of personality testing instruments was limited to larger organizations and usually only for upper management or key positions. David p. Pearson 1927-present In 1978 Dr. David Pearson became one of the first in his field to produce a software program that could perform a behavioral evaluation of an individual, without requiring the administration by or assistance of a psychologist or behavioral scientist. Since their development, evaluations of this type have proven to be invaluable to thousands of organizations world wide when selecting employees for hire or promotion. Today, everyone from psychologists, counselors, teachers and human resource managers in government, education and industry, uses psychological or educational evaluations. There is scarcely a person over the age of ten who has not taken at least one such test in their lifetime, whether it was an achievement test, an IQ test, a personality evaluation, or a measure of aptitude in a particular field. The key reason for the increase in test use over the last 75 years is that ethically correct tests are more reliable and accurate than subjective judgments, which often function as filters when we assess and observe others. This very human habit was considered by William James back in 1860, in a frequently quoted passage from The Principles of Psychology. â€Å"You see the little lines of cleavage running through the character, the tricks of thought, the prejudices, the ways of the â€Å"shop,† in a word, from which the man can by-and-by no more escape than his coat-sleeve can suddenly fall into a new set of folds† (pg. 79). Even the best interviewer can fall prey to unconscious biases, personal beliefs, stereotypes and other distractions that leave objectivity subject to error. Well-developed tests can help even the most experienced and knowledgeable hiring professional construct a fairer and more accurate picture of an individual, increasing the likelihood that they will hire the right person for the job. But testing should never be used in a vacuum. As Robert Guion says, â€Å"Testing should not be the instrument of decision. It should be used as a flag that either agrees with or contradicts your impression about a person.† At MindData we agree that tests can never replace professional judgment entirely. Rather, they should serve as one source of information to assist in making accurate and fair decisions when hiring and promoting.

How To Create Edits

DATA†, when the edit is loaded onto the machine, he edit will appear With the title â€Å"Liverwurst†. The second method involves using Symphony which allows you convert a Stephanie simile (. Sir file) into the DATA format generated by Kinsman's online Step Editor. Stephanie is generally seen as having a better user interface and testing environment for creating edit data than Kinsman's online editor. Symphony also allows you to convert songs that the Sonoma Step Editor does not support, including older songs from past mixes and DIR XX songs. First, you must download the latest version of Symphony at http://sites. Goose. Mom/site/dairymaid/Symphony. Zip . Extract the files into a folder on your computer. Launch the program. You may receive an error that an Internet connection is needed to use Symphony. Symphony works by simulating the Sonoma Step Editor by sending the website the step data needed to generate an edit file, but it will replace the appropriate music id so t hat the file generated works for the song you choose. Because of the is, an internet connection is needed. The first step is to find the simile of the song you want to convert. Typically, Stephanie songs are found in If electroplatesSongs or Files(ex.)StephanieSongs (for Vista/7).Select the . SMS file and the title of the song will be displayed in the textbook below it. Below this is a list of songs from the master id list that might possibly represent the song you chose. Sometimes the title of your . SMS file may not match what is found in the master id list. Try editing the title of the song so that the list of songs eventually shows you the song you are converting. An example is when you edit â€Å"Healing Vision(Angelic Mix)†, the master id list has it titled â€Å"Healing Vision -Angelic Mix-â€Å". Modifying the textbook to â€Å"Healing Vision† will show several songs with the name, including â€Å"HealingVision -Angelic Mix-â€Å". Select that song as the o ne you are converting. Once you have selected the song, select the style of play you are converting (single, double or couple). The difficulty below it indicates which chart from the . SMS file you are converting over. This might be a â€Å"Challenge† chart or â€Å"Edit† chart. If there are multiple Edit charts in your . SMS file, only the first one can be read. On the right Of Symphony's screen are options for the edit data produced. The region is for the region your playing in (North America or Europe). The Difficulty indicates what the chart will show up as in DIR X/XX.Remember, some songs in XX will play a Chinese version if the Challenge chart is selected, so if your edit indicates it is a Challenge chart and the song has a Chinese version, the Chinese version will play for your edit. The rating is the number of â€Å"feet† the song is rated. The comments are generic comments you can give your edit that show up in the game. The edits name is the name of yo ur edit (limited to 8 characters). Finally, the Measure offset is used for cases where your . SMS file's first beat isn't on the same measure as the official data's first beat. An example is the song Red Zone.In the official data, the first beat is found on the 5th measure, but in the . Sir file found on genius-I-banisher's website, the first beat starts on the 6th measure. Because of this, the offset must be set to -1 , which indicates the first beat will be moved backwards one measure. For songs in which a known offset is needed, Symphony will have the offset already programmed in. As more songs are discovered to need an offset, Symphony will be updated to reflect what those offsets are. When you have set all of your options, click â€Å"Generate . DATA†. After several seconds, a Save File Dialog should display, allowing you to save your enervated .DATA file to your computer. After you have generated all of your edits, you must combine the edits into a â€Å"zip† fil e. Windows has a built in Zip program, but other alternatives are zip and Winner. You can include up to 30 edits in one zip file. Once you have done this, you must visit Kinsman's library manager at http://direct. Contamination. Com/address/library_manager/ index. PH. Here you will select what region you are in and select the zip file you just created and click â€Å"Save†. A file will be returned to you titled DIR EDIT U. DATA. The . DATA generated this time MUST be named or (for Europe).This file must be saved to a folder â€Å"DIR_EDIT' at the root level of your USB drive. Once this is done, you may use the thumb drive to play your edits on a DIR X or XX machine! Troubleshooting put the -SMS files onto my thumb drive and the game didn't recognize them. DIR X/XX does not recognize the . SMS format, this is why the program Symphony is needed. Symphony converts the . SMS format to a format readable by DIR X/ put the -DATA files in DIR EDIT and the game did not recognize them . This is because the game does not recognized individual . DATA file. The game requires that all edits are compiled into a single .DATA file called for Europe). This is what the Library Manager found on Kinsman's website (see above) is used for. 3. My edit seems off, how do I sync it? Edits do not contain any syncing data, only step placement and note types. If the step data seems to be a measure or more early or late, use the Measure offset feature to adjust the data so that it lines up with the game's music. If the song's official data is off sync, your edit data will be off sync as well. 4. My edit has blank measures, what gives? Edit data only supports 4th, 8th, 1 oh and 12th notes. This, 32nd and this are not supported.Also, because of the limited format, 12th notes can only exist inside a single quarter note range. Any quarter note section that contains this and any other note (ethos, this, etc) will be blank. 5. What about hands? The game supports hands if they are part of a freeze, but hands as a set of notes pressed on the same beat are not supported by the game. 6. Some of my freezes are being combined into a long freeze, what gives? If freeze arrows of the same direction are only separated by a 16th note, the game will combine these into a single freeze arrow. This is a bug that's present in edit mode in all DIR versions.

Water Imbalance

Phu Pham 002815421 Water Imbalance When we talk about water imbalance, it is necessary to first know of water’s tendency to move from high concentration to low concentration. This property of water is influenced by three conditions: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Isotonic condition exists when the concentration of the solute is the same as the concentration inside the cell. Because the concentrations are the same on both sides, there is no movement of water.In hypertonic, however, the concentration of solute is greater on the outside than on the inside, water moves outside of the cell until concentration on both sides reach equilibrium. Because water moves outside, this causes the cell to shrink. In hypotonic solution, the concentration of solute is greater on the inside than on the outside, water is drawn inside the cell to reach equilibrium while busting the cell opened.Inside the human body, there are many solutes that together make up blood and other solution necessa ry for life such as sodium, calcium, potassium, water†¦ These ions are called electrolytes, a vital key in maintaining the homeostasis. Serious electrolytes usually associated with sodium, potassium, and calcium. Other electrolytes disturbances are less common. A sodium imbalance occurs when there is too little or too much sodium in the bloodstream. Hyponatremia happens when there is too little sodium, and hypernatremia occurs when there is too much sodium.In normal activity, sodium is absorbed by the kidney to regulate water levels in the body. But when there is a water imbalance, such that of too much or too little of water, the body either gets rid of or absorbs too much sodium. Regular symptoms includes: muscle cramps, confusion, restlessness, agitation, tissue swelling, depression, lack of coordination, seizures, and more seriously coma. Hypernatremia, a condition when there is more sodium ions on the outside than the inside of the cells, causes fluid to be pulled from the cells of the brain resulting in cell shrinkage. This is the primary cause of neurological symptoms.Hyponatremia is a condition when there is more sodium ion on the inside than the outside of the cells. Osmotic movement of water into the brain cell may increase the brain size above normal. This can lead to seizures and other severe neurological effects. Therefore, the maintaining of electrolytes is very important in order for the cells to last. Any imbalance in the concentration of water inside the body will directly affect the concentration of solutes (electrolytes) in the blood and cause severe damage. http://rnbob. tripod. com/sodiumimbalance. htm http://www. medscape. com/medline/abstract/15982544? src=emed_ckb_ref_0

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali Mansa Musa and the Kingdom Of Mali Mansa Musa is said to be one of the richest kings to have ever lived and his kingdom of Mali was a grand empire. But what made both Mansa Musa and Mali so prosperous and grand? And why if that was the case is it not held in the same regards as say Egypt? Using primary sources I plan to investigate and discuss Mali’s economic and social background, the history of Mali and why it isn’t considered to be on the same scale as Egypt is held to. The goal is for the reader to get an idea of what circumstances and actions allowed for Mali to prosper. To do this I will first go over the agricultural and environmental makeup of the Empire of Mali, then discuss briefly its history before and after Mansa Musa including the fall of Mali. After that I will provide my own opinion as to why Mali is not held in the same regards as Egypt, which will conclude this paper. Firstly it is important to understand the environmental and agricultural state of the ancient empire of Mali. The empire itself was massive, encompassing parts of modern day Burkina, Niger, Senegal, Guinea. The fact that that Mali was so expansive is one of the reasons Mali was so prosperous. In the book The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 Christopher Ehret described the kingdom of Mali as having good amount of diversity when it came to its landscapes and environments. This included the desert Sahara to the north and the wild rich jungles to the south. (Ehret, 2002.) Because of this environmental diversity they had a number of different goods that they could trade not only within their own empire, but with other states as well. These goods included agricultural items such as kola nuts and shea butter. But they also traded manufactured goods such as textiles and metal goods, especially gold which was found in numerous amounts in Mali. (Ehret, 2002.) This would not have been possible though if it weren’t for the merchants running these trades. Mali absorbed several of its neighboring states and its people into the empire, mostly thanks to Sundiata and his desperados who I will discuss later, and this massive number of people led to consequences that would later make Mali a prime trader center in Africa, and this was only helped later by Mansa Musa. For example there were several different people leaving within Mali, these include the Soninke and Jakhanke, just to name a few. Merchants from these respective people would create juulas, which were trading firms set up throughout Mali. And things were made easy when they took certain portions of Mali to trade in. For example the Soninke focused more on north on the fringes of the Sahara for their trading and then expanded eastward towards the Sahel Valley at a later point in time. The Jakhanke meanwhile spread commercially west towards what are now the regions of Gambia and Se negal. (Ehret, 2002.) As I stated before this economic boom that took place in Mali could not have happened if it was not for both Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Sundiata made it so Mali existed and Mansa Musa brought in more trade thanks to his pilgrimage which attracted merchants from all over to Mali. And while Mansa Musa is considered to be on the richest and greatest kings of history, I believe it is important to look at who came before him, and made it so both Mansa Musa and Ancient Mali could prosper for years to come. What were the conditions or beginnings of Mali’s greatness? That all starts with Sundiata, who paved the way for Mali’s greatness and his own grandson’s greatness as well. Sundiata was the youngest of 12 children and he came from the Mandingo people of the time. (Bovill, 1995.). While his family was killed he was allowed to live because he was very ill and the attackers believed he would not survive. But he did, and he grew to become the Mari Jata and national hero of the Mandingo people. He became the first king or Mansa of Mali, and was a driving force in expanding its borders. Ibn Khaldun, a great historian was there when all of this was occurring and he himself stated â€Å"Their greatest king who overcame the Soso, conquered their country and seized power from the hands was the Mari Dhata†¦He ruled for twenty five years.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973) Yet while hailed as the greatest king and national hero, he was not well liked by his people and so to keep the peace he hired desperados to aid him. With the help of said desperados, he quieted his people and took to expanding Mali’s boarders. Sundiata was a great warrior and tactician never having lost a battle if he was in one. (Bovill, 1995.) With his actions and what would seem to be tireless effort, he expanded Mali’s borders which allowed for a diversity of environments and agricultural items that could also be traded as discussed above. These agricultural goods could also be used to make manufactured goods. With help from his grandson, Mansa Musa, nearly 100 years later it lead Mali to a sort of economic and trading boom. (Levtzion, 1973). These two hand in hand basically made Mali what it was, even though they were so far apart. I believe it is important to pause and discuss these factors. Thanks to Sundiata not only did Mali have a great army and a powerful one at that, but thanks to him Mali’s prosperous future had already begun to take shape. The army was there to not only protect Mali’s numerous citizens, but also what the land had to offer as a whole. I believe it is safe to infer that without Sundiata doing what he did and being so successful at it, who knows how Mali would have worked. His conquest allowed for a backbone in which Mali could grow and thrive. But it would also seem to give Mali this sort of air that they indeed an empire to be reckoned with. It is also important to note the idea of image and keep in mind both Sundiata and Mali’s image which I will discuss later in this paper. Nearly a 100 years passed between when Sundiata ruled and when Mansa Musa took to the throne. And in those 100 years no king was able to reach the godlike status Sundiata had held. Mansa Musa though considered to be a great king did not reach this status either. But he is a favorite of Muslim, Oriental and Sudanese writers. (Levtzion, 1973.) That did not happen until Mansa Musa took the throne. He is famously known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the spectacle that surrounded him. Bovill discussed the very spectacle in his book, â€Å"The spectacular scale on which it was conducted caused such a sensation in Cairo and other places which witnessed the passage of his splendid caravan, that the name of the Mandingo monarch quickly became familiar throughout a large part of the civilized world.† (Bovill, pg. 86, para 3) His fame even stretched as far as Europe and the Middle East as well. He alone showed Mali’s opulence to the world around him, and it was quite impressive. Mansa Musa began his Hadj sometime in 1324, which was the seventh year of his reign, after taking the throne in 1307. It is known that he passed through Walata and Tuat, but it is unknown which way he took to get to Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) Though Bovill states a theory as to which way he’d gone, saying â€Å"It was probably through Wargla and thence to the coast of the Syrtes which would have given merchants from many parts of Europe trading with Africa an opportunity to witness his splendor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bovill, pg. 87, 1995.) While on his travels, he and his entourage apparently were a sight to behold. He rode on horseback, and had 500 slaves walking in front of him and each of them carried a staff of hold that weighed 1/8th of gold. (Bovill, 1995.) Mansa Musa is also described as being of â€Å"pale complexion, variously described as red or yellow.† (Bovill, pg. 87. 1995.) This contributed to his notoriety, since he was considered to be a Negro king, and yet he did not look like one considering he did not have dark skin, which was typical of Negro kings. He was known for his piety and generosity, and seemed to hand out gold every chance he had. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact so much gold was handed out that in Cairo years after Mansa Musa had passed through and completed his travels gold had become devalued in Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) This is a good example of just how kind Mansa Musa to everyone, even if they were not from Mali or Muslim. A good example of Mansa Musa’s generosity is when a merchant from Alexandria joined his caravan and traveled with him back to Sudan, though unfortunately the merchant died. Mansa Musa, being the generous and noble king who keeps his promises, paid the man’s heirs in full. (Bovill, 1995.). His kindness in returned allowed for others to take care of him when running low on funds and Mansa Musa promised to pay back his loan once he returned to his kingdom. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact it was due to Mansa Musa’s hadj that trade increased and boomed within Mali. (Bovill, 1995.) The world now knew that Mali was a hub for an important item and that was gold. So simply by traveling and showering people with gold enough interest was drummed up to increase Mali’s trade, which in itself is quite an amazing feat, but really that nothing less should be expected from Mali’s greatest king. Unfortunately after Mansa Musa’s death, things once again fell into a sort of disarray, the same which occurred after Sundiata’s death. Mansa Musa’s son Maghan took the throne, though he was only there for four years. During his reign the city of Timbuktu was seized and burned to the ground, and the two princes who had been captured by his father were released and moved to recapture their city from Mali’s grip. Maghan died after only four years, and it is suspected that he was disposed of by his uncle Sulymon, who is also Mansa Musa’s brother. He was the one originally entitled to the throne after Mansa Musa’s death, but he was denied that when Maghan took the throne. (Levtzion, 1973.) Unlike his brother Sulymon was not well liked, in fact he was hated, â€Å"because of his parsimony in contrast to the generosity of his brother Mansa Musa.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973.) After his death the two kings after him had short reigns, his son lasting for only four months and the one after that lasting for a considerable longer time of 14 years. (Levtzion, 1973) But during this time civil war broke out and this troubled period marked the decline of Mali. The throne was often bickered over by descents of Sundiata and Mansa Musa, where it switched off periodically. Finally one of the last kings was simply known as Mari Djata, son of Maghan and grandson to Mansa Musa. But he was considered to be â€Å"the wicked ruler they had, because of the punishment, tyranny and corruption he imposed upon them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Levtzion, pg. 68. 1973.), them referring to his people. After him Mali went through a few more kings, but it was no longer the great empire that it had once been a nd was left in a state of disrepair. Now that I have laid out all the information, I will now discuss my own theory as to why Mali is not held in as high regards as Egypt, and I will do this by discussing Mali’s image, race, leaders and history. First Mali’s image, became well known in ancient times. This by itself is by the image that its leaders managed to show. Here we have Sundiata who is a great general and furious fighter. He protected his country and insured that not only his family, but his people had something that they could build and grow on. Then we have Mansa Musa, who in many ways is Sundiata’s exact opposite, and he brought the necessary people to build up Mali’s trade and economics. In Mali’s defense of image it had to great leaders. And if we are to compare that our own time that is a very important part of a country or empire’s image. Think of Egypt and the first pharaoh that comes to mind is either Radames or King Tut. One is known for being a truly great and powerful pharaoh of his time. And the other is known for the tomb that was discovered well after his death. But the idea of image can easily constitute how people view a place and how it is upheld. So in this regard I feel like Egypt and Mali are very similar. And yet its kings don’t seem to be held at the same regard as say the kings of Egypt. And one must ask why that is the case. For me, after researching and reading comes down to one thing and that is race. Mali is considered to be a Negro or Black kingdom, unlike Egypt which often isn’t considered one. The fact that Mali is a Negro empire is why it isn’t held in higher regard. Even the past Negro kingdoms were looked down by quite a few people The fact that Mansa Musa was black was a surprise to everyone who saw him even. Here was a man with great wealth and power and he was black. But we also have firsthand accounts of how some viewed blacks, for example Ibn Battuta who was not impressed by Blacks and in fact refused to write about them or visit their kingdom. (Bovill, 1973.) Race still plays a big part in who tells what stories as far as history is concerned. Even till this day it is grudgingly admitted that Mansa Musa was one of the richest and most well-known kings of history. And that is because he is considered to be Negro or black. This is of course in great contrast to say Egypt, where we don’t exactly know how the Egyptians looked. Though it is theorized and even I believe that Egypt itself was racially diverse not everyone thinks along these same lines and ideals. All we need to do is look at Black Athena Writes Back, a book that suggests that Blacks were the ones who had influence on Greeks and Phoenicians, and many sought a way to discredit said idea. (Bernal, 2001.) But throughout history Europe and other countries have wanted to grab Egypt for its opulence, history and what they left behind. And many people did not want to think the rulers of Egypt were black or people of color. There are whole arguments that try and prove that. I think a great example of how prevailing this thought is, of Egypt not being a part of Africa but more a part of the western and European world is the movie Gods of Egypt which has recently come out, which showed Egyptian pharaohs, gods and people as being of all European descent, which I don’t think is all that accurate to how Egypt was in the past. Now yes, this is a fantasy movie, but I think it’s still important to bring up the fact that is still a sort of prevailing issue. History has a habit of shutting down anything that lifts up black people. From history blacks have always been seen as inferior in the eyes of other. And to suddenly put an African kingdom to the same opulence of Egypt would shake up the status quo that has been set up by past historians. Africa has been denied its opulence unless it is Egypt, and everyone ese tries to claim that. So it is no wonder that we don’t hear much about Mali or Mansa Musa when we are schooled. And really look at why. We have a black man who is a great and successful leader. He is kind, generous and rich. That in itself would be a great story to inspire anyone who reads about him, especially for example black youth. We live in a world where we cannot see ourselves in the media and are always being criticized for being who we are. Enslaved and discriminated against, race is still a huge issue. And if Mali were held in the same regards of Egypt, well that would mean the norm and prevalent idea and though t that Africa as a whole is not advanced or had these great kingdoms would be shattered. But that isn’t the case and it should be noted that there is more to Africa than just Egypt. Another inference one could make as well is time. Egypt’s Kingdom lasted for almost 1,000 years. That is a long time for one kingdom in a world that is always changing and shifting, there were three major eras and three intermediate periods. Egypt had time to grow and the fact that this one kingdom lasted for so long just helps to show that Egypt is something that the world should know about and why it’s held in such high regards. Mali unfortunately does not have that. For after Mansa Musa, the empire went into decline as stated above. The empire itself lasted only about 300 years, and can be counted within four generations thanks to the likes of Ibn Khaldun. (Levtzion, 1973.) But that is fair. Empires rise and fall. That is how they work. Even Ancient Egypt fell after nearly 1, 000 years, and this includes once it was taken over by Greece in its later years. But those 1,000 years allowed for Egypt to be put upon a pedestal that Mali simply cannot reach. Not to mention unlike Egypt where there was a rise and fall of ups and downs, Mali seemed to suffer negatively. As stated above Sundiata and Mansa Musa uplifted and improved the empire. But in-between those, the other kings did nothing to reach the status of previous kings. And more often than not there was infighting, bickering and more often death. This in itself is a third reason. Mali to some may seem like it failed being an empire all together. Out of all of its rulers only two seemed to truly keep the empire stable and improve upon it. And I don’t think that is a fair assumption to make. Like I stated above, empires rise and fall. And just because Mali fell and had a run of inopportune leaders does not mean that it was an overall failure. Egypt can be put into this same category, since it to fell. But it does not mean it was a failure. Each kingdom was successful in its own ways. Egypt had success in trade, in building landmarks that still stand to this day. And while Mali lost Timbuktu it was there. They were a center of gold, and spread it throughout Africa with the help of Mansa Musa. They both have their fair share of success and failure. But I believe history as a whole is a little harder on Mali because once again it is a Negro kingdom, and finding fault and making it seem major is a thing that still happens ti ll this day. In conclusion I believe that is a mixture between race and time that holds Mali and Mansa Musa back from being held in the same regards as Egypt, when it comes to prosperity and popularity. Both are prominent and important kingdoms that had their fair share of success and failures. But the fact that one cannot pin point the exact race of Egypt’s rulers and its people allows for others to put it on a higher pedestal and look down on Mali, since it is a Negro or black kingdom. But in my eyes, it deserves to be right up there. It is an empire that if it had the right rulers and maybe had a longer time to shine would be something that would be talked about in many more class rooms like Egypt is. Or praised like Egypt is. Or fought over much like Egypt was to be begin with. I believe the only way for Mali to rise to the same height as the other kingdom is if this idea of race is changed and improved upon. I whole heartedly believe that is one of the things that keeps Mali in the sh adows. While I have heard of Mali, this is the only class where I was able to learn in depth about the empire and its people. In other classes it’s always Egypt. And I hope in good time people will look at Mali and see it for what it was. A powerful, prosperous empire that should be taught and talked about, just like Egypt is.

Discuss the contributions of iron technology to the process of state Essay - 1

Discuss the contributions of iron technology to the process of state formation in Bantu Africa - Essay Example The Bantu community had the notion of a ‘big man’ who was enchanted with grasping of new opportunities. Such an idea led to the development of political establishments as chiefdoms regrouped. It is believed that three main kingdoms that inhabited the western savannas came into being through this method. They include the Kongo, Luango, and the Tio. Importantly, copper trade in the contributed to the development of major commercial market routes and major markets that expanded the territories of the existing political establishments. For instance, the Malebo Pool along River Zaire began through such a process. Furthermore, copper rich areas were regarded as ‘capitals’ headed by a ‘paramount chief’. The paramount chief was surrounded by a close circuit of a court of title holders who performed rituals and emblems within certain principalities. Archeologically, along the Zaire valley iron and copper deposits had been discovered. In areas such as Bok o Songho-Mindouli area, political establishments were related to the large deposits of iron and copper (Alimen). The emergence of these kingdoms in the 14th to 17th the century occurred more or less simultaneously as a result of iron technology. To begin with, the Mbundu Kingdom was established in the 16th century, and it controlled most economic resources and commercial routes in the south of the Kongo. As a sign of the political power they wielded, the Mbundu Kingdom used a piece of iron as an emblem and mark of their authority. This piece of metal was known as ‘ngola’. It is known that towards the end of the 15th century a holder of that emblem established a major kingdom. In subsequent centuries, the emblem played a significant role in the slave trade (Alimen). Towards the end of the 18th century, the Mbundu had organized a large commercial network of together with Portuguese immigrants whose trading caravans reached as far as the Lozi and Lunda Kingdoms. The kingdoms developed a royalty form of a

Social Consequences of the War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Consequences of the War on Drugs - Essay Example Criminal justice system in America is currently struggling to deal with the criminal cases with respect to drug abuse. Majority of the jail inmates in America at present are related to drug crimes. Reported drug crimes are increasing at a rate of approximately 1300% every year. In fact officials in criminal justice system have no time to look into matters related to crimes related to other areas because of the flooding of drug crimes. Drug crime penalties and punishments should be increased drastically to prevent people from repeating the same drug crime again and again. Law enforcement agencies are partly self-financed in America and as a result of that they are less accountable to the public. In other words, drug war has been spread into civilian societies and drugs worth billions have been seized every year. Since drug abuse is more common among teenagers, public schools students in America need to undertake periodical drug tests inside their school campuses even if the school doe sn’t have the previous history of drug abuse cases. Even without search warrants, officials can conduct periodical checking in schools and school parking lots as a result of the current drug war policy. America is confined drug war in its territories alone. They know very well that collective efforts are necessary to counter drug abuse related problems in an extremely globalized world. So, they are trying to persuade other countries, especially neighbouring countries to take strong actions against drug abuse. Some criminologists argue that the creation of more prison capacity may create more crimes whereas limited prison capacity may force the people to stay away from criminal activities. It is a fact that correctional officials may refuse to accept new inmates of the facilities are not enough to accommodate more prisoners. In such cases, criminal justice system may force to reduce the imprisonment punishments and may focus more on providing other types of penalties. Such punishments need not be as effective as the jail terms. In short, construction of additional prison spaces to accommodate more drug criminals is necessary for the successful implementation of drug war. African Americans are more vulnerable towards drug related crimes compared to Whites. If the drug war continues in its present form for the next 10 years, 6 in 10 African American males in the age group of 18-34 will be in prisons. In other words, a substantial portion of governmental expenditure will be for increasing the prison capacities and therefore adequate funding may not be received by education and other social programs in future. Thus, construction of the healthy generation will become impossible in future as a result of the shortage of funds used for social activities and infrastructure developments. United States is one of the worst countries in the world as far as labour shortage is concerned. Increased imprisonment of teenagers for drug abuses may increase the labour shortage problem further. Majority of the drug related prisoners are sentenced for non-violent crimes. Sentences of drug related crimes are comparatively longer than that of other types of crimes. As a result of the long sentencing, drug criminals will become unemployed and marginalization in the society once they were released from